TOEFL Structure Skill 3

TOEFL Structure skill 2

TOEFL Structure Skill 1

TOEFL

What is TOEFL?

Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL) is a standardized test to measure the English language ability of non-native speakers wishing to enroll in English-speaking universities. The test is accepted by many English-speaking academic and professional institutions. TOEFL is one of the two major English-language tests in the world, the other being the IELTS.

TOEFL is a trademark of the Educational Testing Service (ETS), a private non-profit organization, which designs and administers the tests. ETS issues official score reports which are sent independently to institutions and are valid for two years following the test.

Formats and content

·       Internet-based test

Since its introduction in late 2005, the TOEFL Internet-based Test (iBT) format has progressively replaced the computer-based tests (CBT) and paper-based tests (PBT), although paper-based testing is still used in select areas. The TOEFL iBT test has been introduced in phases, with the United States, Canada, France, Germany, and Italy in 2005 and the rest of the world in 2006, with test centers added regularly. The CBT was discontinued in September 2006 and these scores are no longer valid.

Initially, the demand for test seats was higher than availability, and candidates had to wait for months. It is now possible to take the test within one to four weeks in most countries. The four-hour test consists of four sections, each measuring one of the basic language skills (while some tasks require integrating multiple skills), and all tasks focus on language used in an academic, higher-education environment. Note-taking is allowed during the TOEFL iBT test. The test cannot be taken more than once every 3 days, starting from September 2019.

1.    Reading

The Reading section consists of questions on 3-4 passages, each approximately 700 words in length and with 10 questions. The passages are on academic topics; they are the kind of material that might be found in an undergraduate university textbook. Passages require understanding of rhetorical functions such as cause-effect, compare-contrast and argumentation. Students answer questions about main ideas, details, inferences, essential information, sentence insertion, vocabulary, rhetorical purpose and overall ideas. New types of questions in the TOEFL iBT test require filling out tables or completing summaries. Prior knowledge of the subject under discussion is not necessary to come to the correct answer.

2.    Listening

The Listening section consists of questions on 2-3 conversations with 5 questions each, and 5-7 lectures with 6 questions each. Each conversation is 2.5-3 minutes and lectures are 4.5-5.5 minutes in length. The conversations involve a student and either a professor or a campus service provider. The lectures are a self-contained portion of an academic lecture, which may involve student participation and does not assume specialized background knowledge in the subject area. Each conversation and lecture passage is heard only once. Test-takers may take notes while they listen and they may refer to their notes when they answer the questions. The listening questions are meant to measure the ability to understand main ideas, important details, implications, relationships between ideas, organization of information, speaker purpose and speaker attitude.

3.    Speaking

The Speaking section consists of 4 tasks: 1 independent (Task 1) and 3 integrated (Task 2, 3, 4). In task 1, test-takers answer opinion questions on familiar topics. They are evaluated on their ability to speak spontaneously and convey their ideas clearly and coherently. In task 2 and 4, test-takers read a short passage, listen to an academic course lecture or a conversation about campus life and answer a question by combining appropriate information from the text and the talk. In task 3, test-takers listen to an academic course lecture and then respond to a question about what they heard. In the integrated tasks, test-takers are evaluated on their ability to appropriately synthesize and effectively convey information from the reading and listening material. Test-takers may take notes as they read and listen and may use their notes to help prepare their responses. Test-takers are given a short preparation time before they have to begin speaking. The responses are digitally recorded, sent to ETS's Online Scoring Network (OSN), and evaluated by three to six raters.

4.    Writing

The Writing section measures a test taker's ability to write in an academic setting and consists of two tasks: one integrated and one independent. In the integrated task, test-takers read a passage on an academic topic and then listen to a speaker discuss it. The test-taker then writes a summary about the important points in the listening passage and explains how these relate to the key points of the reading passage. In the independent task, the test-taker must write an essay that states their opinion or choice, and then explain it, rather than simply listing personal preferences or choices. Responses are sent to the ETS OSN and evaluated by at least 3 different raters.

·       Paper-delivered Test

The TOEFL PDT is an official test for use where the internet test is unavailable, usually due to internet & computer issues.

It consists of the Listening, Reading, and Writing sections, with scores that are the same scale as the Internet Based Test. There is no total score.

The TOEFL paper-based Test (PBT) was still available in limited areas until 2017, when it was replaced by the Paper-delivered test. Scores are valid for two years after the test date, and test takers can have their scores sent to institutions or face time.

1.    Listening (30 – 40 minutes)

The Listening section consists of 3 parts. The first one contains 30 questions about short conversations. The second part has 8 questions about longer conversations. The last part asks 12 questions about lectures or talks.

2.    Structure and Written Expression (25 minutes)

The Structure and Written Expression section has 15 exercises of completing sentences correctly and 25 exercises of identifying errors.

3.    Reading Comprehension (55 minutes)

The Reading Comprehension sections has 50 questions about reading passages.

4.    Writing (30 minutes)

The TOEFL PBT administrations include a writing test called the Test of Written English (TWE). This is one essay question with 250–300 words in average.

Test scores

TOEFL iBT Test

·       The TOEFL iBT test is scored on a scale of 0 to 120 points.

·       Each of the four sections (Reading, Listening, Speaking, and Writing) receives a scaled score from 0 to 30. The scaled scores from the four sections are added together to determine the total score.

·       The reading and listening sections are tested first, followed by a ten-minute break. The speaking and writing sections are then completed following the break. A maximum amount of 203 minutes is allowed to complete the whole exam process.

·       Each speaking question is initially given a raw score of 0 to 4, with 1-point increment, and each writing question is initially given a raw score of 0.0 to 5.0, with 0.5-point increment. These scores are converted to scaled scores of 0 to 30.

Paper-based Test

·       The final PBT score ranges between 310 and 677 and is based on three subscores: Listening (31–68), Structure (31–68), and Reading (31–67). Unlike the CBT, the score of the Writing component (referred to as the Test of Written English, TWE) is not part of the final score; instead, it is reported separately on a scale of 0–6.

·       The score test takers receive on the Listening, Structure and Reading parts of the TOEFL test is not the percentage of correct answers. The score is converted to take into account the fact that some tests are more difficult than others. The converted scores correct these differences. Therefore, the converted score is a more accurate reflection of the ability than the raw score is.

The TOEFL PBT was discontinued at the end of May 2017. Official testing in areas without internet or computers now uses the TOEFL PDT.

Sumber:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Test_of_English_as_a_Foreign_Language
https://www.prepscholar.com/toefl/blog/what-is-toefl/

DESCRIBING BUSINESS TREND

Electronic wallets are electronic services for storing instrument data such as payment instruments using the card and/or electronic money, which can also accommodate funds, to make payments. Electronic wallets are familiar with e-wallet, digital wallet, digital wallet or electronic wallet. In Indonesia, there are several types of digital wallets such as, OVO Cash and GO-PAY. The implementation of this digital wallet has been regulated by Bank Indonesia to be safe to use. From each electronic wallet there are several advantages depending on the user. Where to pay bills, discount deals, online shopping and buy credits can use electronic money stored in e-wallets

GOpay and OVO are two applications that move in the field of digital wallets. As explained at the beginning, through Gopay and OVO we can save money which we can use to do various transactions, ranging from eating, shopping, to watching movies.

Just what distinguishes between Gopay and OVO is Gopay is a digital wallet in the part of Gojek while OVO is a digital platform that stands independently but co-operates with GrabTaxi's online transport application.

It is undeniable that the presence of Gojek and Grab really helps the community to travel easily and quickly. However, it may be a problem when every consumer is required to pay in cash.

This is what makes Gopay and OVO fans increasingly increasing over time.

Because through Gopay and OVO, every transaction made by the public can be paid automatically without the need for cash.

  

Comparison of Gopay and Ovo

1. Service Application

The first Gopay and OVO comparisons are about service applications. As mentioned earlier that Gopay is part of Gojek so the service is focused on the services owned by Gojek.

While OVO is a digital platform that stands independently and consistently provides a wide variety of attractive promo for its users.

In addition to having its own application that can be used, OVO also works with the Grab online transport app. So Grab users can use OVO to make transactions.

For the scope of use, Gopay and OVO can be used in various merchants who have worked together. So you can get a variety of interesting deals through these two digital wallets.

2. Features

The second Gopay and OVO comparisons are features. In terms of its own features, in fact Gopay and OVO are not too much different.

Both can be used to pay for online transportation, such as Gopay for Gojek app and OVO for Grab.

Features in Gopay and Gojek as follows:

Gopay

All services in the Gojek application

Paying PLN

Health BPJS

Google Play voucher code

Game Voucher

Cable TV & Internet

PDAM

PGN gas

Multifinance

Pulse

Shop at all online stores or merchants that collaborate

OVO

All services in the Grab application

Paying Credit

Data Package

Postpaid

Health BPJS

Cable TV

HOOQ

Insurance

Environmental Contributions

Shop at all online stores or collaborating merchants

3. Promos and Discounts

Sometimes, people often do Gopay and OVO comparisons to get the best promos and discounts. Understandably the two applicators are currently the market leaders in the digital wallet segment.

So it's not strange if both of them are often seen involved in "discount wars" in order to get the hearts of consumers. It also makes people turn to use Gopay and OVO for transactions rather than using cash.

In the case of Gopay and OVO comparisons, the two applications work together with millions of merchants scattered throughout the city, ranging from theaters, restaurants, online shops, services, and many more that can be utilized.

In fact, it is not uncommon in one merchant to apply payment in the form of Gopay and OVO together so that consumers can choose.

Therefore, there will definitely be many benefits to be had if you use both applications simultaneously.

If the comparison of Gopay and OVO is seen in terms of promos, then usually Gopay will give around 50% cashback while Ovo can reach 60% for one transaction.

4. Top Up

It might have been mentioned at the outset that the use of OVO and Gopay can only be done if there is a balance in it.

Therefore, before using the two applications, the user must top up the balance.

Although considered trivial, the convenience of the community in terms of top-up is often used as a comparison of Gopay and OVO by users.

For how to top-up or top-up, the Gopay and OVO comparisons to note are as follows:

Gopay

Transfer to fellow Gopay users

Gojek Diver

Alfamart and Pegadaian

BCA OneClick

Mobile Banking BCA, Mandiri, BRI, BNI, PermataBank, ATM Bersama, BTN, Bank Mega, DBS Digibank, Maybank Indonesia

Internet Banking BCA, Mandiri, BNI, PermataBank, ATM Prima, Alto, BJB, BRI Syariah, BTN Mobile App and Web, Bank Sinarmas, CIMB Niaga, Danamon, Maybank Indonesia, OCBC NISP

ATM BCA, Mandiri, BRI, BNI, Permata Bank, Alto, ATM Bersama, ATM Prima, BTN, Mayapada Bank, Mega Bank, Sinarmas Bank, CIMB Niaga, Danamon, Maybank Indonesia, OCBC NISP, Panin Bank, Rabobank Indonesia

BRI SMS Banking, BNI, BJB, BRI Syariah, Maybank Indonesia, and CIMB Niaga

OVO

Transfer to fellow OVO users

Interbank transfer

Debit Card

ATM BCA, Mandiri, Nobu, BNI, CIMB Niaga, BRI, Permata Bank, Maybank, ATM Bersama, Prima, Alto

Mobile Banking BCA, BNI, CIMB Niaga

Internet Banking BCA, Mandiri, Nobu, BNI, CIMB Niaga, Jenius, BRI, BRI Syariah, Permata Bank, SIMOBI +, Maybank

Alfamart, Matahari Department Store, Hypermart, FMX, Foodmart Fresh, Boston Health & Store, Shell, MAXX Coffee, Books & Beyond, FOODMART PRIMO

5. Maximum Balance

According to Bank Indonesia regulation Number 20/6 / PBI / 2018, Bank Indonesia (BI) stipulates that the maximum refill limit for unregistered or unregistered electronic money is Rp2 million.

As for digital wallets, it has a maximum limit of Rp. 10 million.

For maximum balances in Gopay and OVO, both have relatively the same maximum amount, which is Rp2 million for unregistered or unregistered, Rp10 million for registers / premium, and Rp20 million for the maximum number of transactions.

6. Security System

Every digital wallet is required to have a good security system, so users also feel safe to make transactions when using the application. In addition, the maximum balance in each digital wallet can reach up to millions of rupiah.

So it will be very fatal if it does not have a qualified security system, because it can actually provoke criminal acts committed by unscrupulous elements.

For comparison of Gopay and Ovo in terms of security systems, the two applications have different security systems. Well, for complete information can be seen as follows:

Gopay

PIN

OVO

Security Code

Fingerprint

Business Invitation Letter

Business Invitation Letter

From:

Tessya Mulyani Namare

General Manager

Mars System Corp.

Jakarta, Indonesia

Date : 27 December, 2019.

To:

Mr. Zayn Malik

Head Manager

Venus Vent Inc

Brisbane, Australia

Subject : Business Invitation Letter

Dear Mr. Malik

We would like to thank to your Company for being our business partner for 7 years. Our company truly values our business partnership with you and we believe that we would not have been able to archive our goal without  your help and assistance.

Moving forward, in order to discuss next year’s business plans which is produce our new product as soon as possible, a business meeting has been scheduled on 5 January, 2020 at 02.00 PM in Mars System Corp’s head office at Melati Street 24, Fatmawati, Jakarta. We also request your operating manager to prepare a short presentation about our plans from your company side, and mine will also prepare our short presentation about our plans in the next year from my company side. So we can discuss everything and solve the problem together.

Please inform me if the scheduled meeting works for you by contacting us through our email: marsystem@gmail.com or our business contact: +6287658085

Sincerely,

Tessya Mulyani Namare

EMAIL FORMAT

To: venusvent@gmail.com

From: marsystem@gmail.com

Subject: Business Invitation Letter

Dear Mr. Malik

We would like to thank to your Company for being our business partner for 7 years. Our company truly values our business partnership with you and we believe that we would not have been able to archive our goal without  your help and assistance.

Moving forward, in order to discuss next year’s business plans which is produce our new product as soon as possible, a business meeting has been scheduled on 5 January, 2020 at 02.00 PM in Mars System Corp’s head office at Melati Street 24, Fatmawati, Jakarta. We also request your operating manager to prepare a short presentation about our plans from your company side, and mine will also prepare our short presentation about our plans in the next year from my company side. So we can discuss everything and solve the problem together.

Please inform me if the scheduled meeting works for you by contacting us through our email: marsystem@gmail.com or our business contact: +6287658085

Sincerely,

Tessya Mulyani Namare

General Manager

Mars System Corp.

Jakarta, Indonesia

Business Event Invitation Letter

Business Event Invitation Letter

From:

Tessya Mulyani Namare

General Manager

Mars System Corp.

Jakarta, Indonesia

Date : 27 December, 2019.

To:

Mr. Niall James Horan

Vice President

Jupiter Floks Ltd

Wolverhampton, UK.

Subject : Business Event Invitation Letter

Dear Mr. Horan

It is a pleasure to invite you for our Anniversary Celebration Mars System Corp. The event will be on 31 January, 2020 at 10.00 AM. Located at JCC, Senayan.

The event is for our business partners and high profile clients. It would be our honor to have your presence at this event. We have been as a business partners for quite some time so this invitation is also an opportunity to thank you for the splendid business partnership. This is not possible if not with your support to our business.

I do hope that you will be able to confirm your attendance to this invitation on or before 13 January, 2020 by just emailing us at marsystem@gmail.com or dropping a message on our business contact: +6287658085

Hoping for your presence on that day. We are looking forward to see you at the event.

Sincerely yours,

Tessya Mulyani Namare

EMAIL FORMAT

To: jupiterfloks@gmail.com

From: marsystem@gmail.com

Subject: Business Event Invitation Letter

Dear Mr. Horan

It is a pleasure to invite you for our Anniversary Celebration Mars System Corp. The event will be on 31 January, 2020 at 10.00 AM. Located at JCC, Senayan.

The event is for our business partners and high profile clients. It would be our honor to have your presence at this event. We have been as a business partners for quite some time so this invitation is also an opportunity to thank you for the splendid business partnership. This is not possible if not with your support to our business.

I do hope that you will be able to confirm your attendance to this invitation on or before 13 January, 2020 by just emailing us at marsystem@gmail.com or dropping a message on our business contact: +6287658085

Hoping for your presence on that day. We are looking forward to see you at the event.

Sincerely yours,

Tessya Mulyani Namare

General Manager

Mars System Corp.